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Problem
I am new to SQL Server and want to learn about the JOIN options. What are all of the JOIN options in SQL Server? What is the significance of each of the options? I am a little confused on the differences and syntax, can you provide some examples and explanations? Are JOINs only for SELECT statements?
Solution
Joining tables to obtain the needed data for a query, script or stored stored procedure is a key concept as you learn about SQL Server development. In a nutshell, joins are typically performed in the FROM clause of a table or view for the SELECT, INSERT...SELECT, SELECT...INTO, UPDATE and DELETE statements. In previous versions of SQL Server, join logic could also have been included in the WHERE clause with = (INNER JOIN), *= (LEFT OUTER JOIN), =* (RIGHT OUTER JOIN), etc. syntax, but the support has been reduced and the best practice in SQL Server is to use the syntax outlined in the examples below.
Before we jump into code, let's provide some baseline information on the joins options in SQL Server:
INNER JOIN - Match rows between the two tables specified in the INNER JOIN statement based on one or more columns having matching data. Preferably the join is based on referential integrity enforcing the relationship between the tables to ensure data integrity.
Just to add a little commentary to the basic definitions above, in general the INNER JOIN option is considered to be the most common join needed in applications and/or queries. Although that is the case in some environments, it is really dependent on the database design, referential integrity and data needed for the application. As such, please take the time to understand the data being requested then select the proper join option.
Although most join logic is based on matching values between the two columns specified, it is possible to also include logic using greater than, less than, not equals, etc.
LEFT OUTER JOIN - Based on the two tables specified in the join clause, all data is returned from the left table. On the right table, the matching data is returned in addition to NULL values where a record exists in the left table, but not in the right table.
Another item to keep in mind is that the LEFT and RIGHT OUTER JOIN logic is opposite of one another. So you can change either the order of the tables in the specific join statement or change the JOIN from left to right or vice versa and get the same results.
RIGHT OUTER JOIN - Based on the two tables specified in the join clause, all data is returned from the right table. On the left table, the matching data is returned in addition to NULL values where a record exists in the right table but not in the left table.
Self -Join - In this circumstance, the same table is specified twice with two different aliases in order to match the data within the same table.
CROSS JOIN - Based on the two tables specified in the join clause, a Cartesian product is created if a WHERE clause does filter the rows. The size of the Cartesian product is based on multiplying the number of rows from the left table by the number of rows in the right table. Please heed caution when using a CROSS JOIN.
FULL JOIN - Based on the two tables specified in the join clause, all data is returned from both tables regardless of matching data.
Let's walk through examples from the AdventureWorks sample database that is available for SQL Server to provide examples of each type of join then provide some insight into the usage and sample result sets.
INNER JOIN Example
In this example we are joining between the Sales.SalesOrderDetail and Production.Product tables. The tables are aliased with the following: SOD for Sales.SalesOrderDetail and P for Production.Product. The JOIN logic is based on matching records in the SOD.ProductID and P.ProductID columns. The records are filtered by only returning records with the SOD.UnitPrice greater than 1000. Finally, the result set is returned in order with the most expensive first based on the ORDER BY clause and only the highest 100 products based on the TOP clause.
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
SELECT TOP 100 P.ProductID,
P.Name,
P.ListPrice,
P.Size,
P.ModifiedDate,
SOD.UnitPrice,
SOD.UnitPriceDiscount,
SOD.OrderQty,
SOD.LineTotal
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail SOD
INNER JOIN Production.Product P
ON SOD.ProductID = P.ProductID
WHERE SOD.UnitPrice > 1000
ORDER BY SOD.UnitPrice DESC
GO
LEFT OUTER JOIN Example
In this example we are combining two concepts to show that more than two tables can be JOINed in one SELECT statement and more than one JOIN type can be used in a single SELECT statement. In the sample code below, we are retrieving the matching data between the Person.Contact and Sales.SalesPerson tables in conjunction with all of the data from the Sales.SalesPerson table and matching data in the Sales.SalesTerritory table. For records that exist Sales.SalesPerson table and not in the Sales.SalesTerritory table, NULL values are returned for the columns in the Sales.SalesTerritory. In addition, this code uses two columns to order the data i.e. ST.TerritoryID and C.LastName.
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
SELECT C.ContactID,
C.FirstName,
C.LastName,
SP.SalesPersonID,
SP.CommissionPct,
SP.SalesYTD,
SP.SalesLastYear,
SP.Bonus,
ST.TerritoryID,
ST.Name,
ST.[Group],
ST.SalesYTD
FROM Person.Contact C
INNER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson SP
ON C.ContactID = SP.SalesPersonID
LEFT OUTER JOIN Sales.SalesTerritory ST
ON ST.TerritoryID = SP.TerritoryID
ORDER BY ST.TerritoryID, C.LastName
GO
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Example
In an effort to explain how the RIGHT OUTER JOIN and LEFT OUTER JOIN is logically a reciprocal on one another, the code below is re-written version of the LEFT OUTER JOIN above. As you can see the JOIN order and tables are different, but the final result set matches the LEFT OUTER JOIN logic. In the sample code below, we are retrieving the matching data between the Person.Contact and Sales.SalesPerson tables in conjunction with all of the data from the Sales.SalesPerson table and matching data in the Sales.SalesTerritory table. For records that exist Sales.SalesPerson table and not in the Sales.SalesTerritory table, NULL values are returned for the columns in the Sales.SalesTerritory.
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
SELECT C.ContactID,
C.FirstName,
C.LastName,
SP.SalesPersonID,
SP.CommissionPct,
SP.SalesYTD,
SP.SalesLastYear,
SP.Bonus,
ST.TerritoryID,
ST.Name, ST.[Group],
ST.SalesYTD
FROM Sales.SalesTerritory ST
RIGHT OUTER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson SP
ON ST.TerritoryID = SP.TerritoryID
INNER JOIN Person.Contact C
ON C.ContactID = SP.SalesPersonID
ORDER BY ST.TerritoryID, C.LastName
GO
Self Join Example
In this example, we are actually self joining to the HumanResources.Employee table. We are doing this to obtain the information about the Employee and Manager relationship in the HumanResources.Employee table. In conjunction with that JOIN logic we are also joining to the Person.Contact twice in order to capture the name and title data based on the original Employee and Manager relationships. In addition, another new concept introduced in this query is aliasing each of the columns. Although we could have done so in the previous examples, we made point of doing so in this query to differentiate between the Employee and Manager related data.
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
SELECT M.ManagerID AS 'ManagerID',
M1.ContactID AS 'ManagerContactID',
M1.FirstName AS 'ManagerFirstName',
M1.LastName AS 'ManagerLastName',
M.Title AS 'ManagerTitle',
E.EmployeeID AS 'EmployeeID',
E1.ContactID AS 'EmployeeContactID',
E1.FirstName AS 'EmployeeFirstName',
E1.LastName AS 'EmployeeLastName',
E.Title AS 'EmployeeTitle'
FROM HumanResources.Employee E
INNER JOIN HumanResources.Employee M
ON E.ManagerID = M.ManagerID
INNER JOIN Person.Contact E1
ON E1.ContactID = E.ContactID
INNER JOIN Person.Contact M1
ON M1.ContactID = M.ContactID
ORDER BY M1.LastName
GO
CROSS JOIN Example
As indicated above, please heed caution when running or modifying this query in any SQL Server database environment. The result set is intentionally limited by the TOP 100 clause and the WHERE clause to prevent a Cartesian product, which is the result of each of the rows from the left table multiplied by the number of rows in the right table.
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
SELECT TOP 100 P.ProductID,
P.Name,
P.ListPrice,
P.Size,
P.ModifiedDate,
SOD.UnitPrice,
SOD.UnitPriceDiscount,
SOD.OrderQty,
SOD.LineTotal
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail SOD
CROSS JOIN Production.Product P
WHERE SOD.UnitPrice > 3500
ORDER BY SOD.UnitPrice DESC
GO
FULL OUTER JOIN Example
In our last example, we have modified the logic from the LEFT OUTER JOIN example above and converted the LEFT OUTER JOIN syntax to a FULL OUTER JOIN. In this circumstance, the result set is the same as the LEFT OUTER JOIN where we are returning all of the data between both tables and data not available in the Sales.SalesTerritory is returned as NULL.
USE AdventureWorks;
GO
SELECT C.ContactID,
C.FirstName,
C.LastName,
SP.SalesPersonID,
SP.CommissionPct,
SP.SalesYTD,
SP.SalesLastYear,
SP.Bonus,
ST.TerritoryID,
ST.Name,
ST.[Group],
ST.SalesYTD
FROM Person.Contact C
INNER JOIN Sales.SalesPerson SP
ON C.ContactID = SP.SalesPersonID
FULL OUTER JOIN Sales.SalesTerritory ST
ON ST.TerritoryID = SP.TerritoryID
ORDER BY ST.TerritoryID, C.LastName
GO
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